Surgery Overview
A cone biopsy is an extensive form of a
cervical biopsy. It is called a cone biopsy because a
cone-shaped wedge of tissue is removed from the cervix and examined under a
microscope. A cone biopsy removes abnormal tissue that is high in the cervical
canal. A small amount of normal tissue around the cone-shaped wedge of abnormal
tissue is also removed so that a margin free of abnormal cells is left in the
cervix.
A cone biopsy can:
- Remove a thin or a thick cone of tissue from
the cervix, depending on how much tissue needs to be examined.
- Be
used to diagnose and sometimes to treat abnormal cervical tissue. The abnormal
tissue is removed and sent to a lab to be examined.
A sample of tissue can be removed for a cone biopsy
using:
How it is done
A cone biopsy is usually done as an
outpatient procedure. You do not have to spend a night in the hospital.
The hospital or surgery center may send you instructions on how to get
ready for your surgery. Or a nurse may call you with instructions before your
surgery.
You will need to take off your clothes below the waist
and drape a paper or cloth covering around your waist. You will then lie on
your back on an exam table with your feet raised and supported by footrests
(stirrups). Your doctor will insert a lubricated tool called a speculum into your vagina. The speculum gently spreads apart the vaginal walls, allowing
the inside of the vagina and the cervix to be examined.
Medicine
that makes you unconscious (general anesthesia) or that makes the
entire genital area numb (regional anesthesia, such as a spinal or epidural)
may be used.
A cone biopsy using LEEP may be done in your doctor's
office with an injected medicine that numbs the cervix (cervical block). If a
cervical block is used, an oral pain medicine or pain medicine given into a
vein (intravenous, or IV) may be used along with the local
anesthetic.
What To Expect After Surgery
Right after surgery, you will be taken
to a recovery area where nurses will care for and observe you. You likely will
stay in the recovery area for 1 to 4 hours, and then you will go home. In
addition to any special instructions from your doctor, your nurse will explain
information to help you in your recovery. You will likely go home with a sheet
of care instructions that include who to contact if a problem comes up.
Most women are able to return to their normal activity level in 1
week.
If you have a cone biopsy, you need regular
follow-up Pap tests and colposcopic examinations. A Pap test should be repeated
every 4 to 6 months or as recommended by your doctor. After several Pap test
results are normal, you and your doctor can decide how often to schedule future
Pap tests.
After a cone biopsy
- Some vaginal bleeding is normal for up to 1
week.
- Some vaginal spotting or discharge (bloody or dark brown) may
occur for about 3 weeks.
- Pads should be used instead of tampons for
about 3 weeks.
- Sexual intercourse should be avoided for about 3
weeks.
- Douching should not be done.
When to call your doctor
Call your doctor for any
of these symptoms:
- A fever
- Moderate to heavy
bleeding (more than you would usually have during a menstrual
period)
- Increasing pelvic pain
- Bad-smelling or
yellowish vaginal discharge, which may point to an infection
Why It Is Done
A cone biopsy may be done after a Pap
test shows
moderate to severe cell changes and:
- The abnormal tissue cannot be seen with
colposcopy but was found in cells collected from a
biopsy of the cervical canal, or the abnormal tissue seen with colposcopy
extends high into the cervical canal. A cone biopsy is done to remove and
examine the abnormal tissue.
- The abnormal cells found on a Pap test
cannot be seen with colposcopy or found in cells collected from a cervical
biopsy. The cone biopsy may be used to diagnose the cause of the abnormal cell
changes and remove the abnormal tissue at the same time.
- Cervical
cancer is suspected based on Pap test results, colposcopy, and cervical biopsy.
A cone biopsy can determine the extent, depth, and severity of the cancerous
tissue and can guide treatment decisions.
How Well It Works
The cone biopsy may remove all of
the abnormal tissue. This would mean that no further treatment is needed other
than follow-up Pap tests.
The edges of the cervical tissue removed
by a cone biopsy may contain abnormal cells, meaning that abnormal tissue may
be left in the cervix. The cone biopsy may be repeated to remove the remaining
abnormal cells. If follow-up tests show normal cells, then no further treatment
may be needed. If abnormal cells remain, you and your doctor may discuss other
treatments, such as removal of the
uterus (hysterectomy).
The cone biopsy
may show cancer that has grown deep into the cervical tissue (cervical cancer). Further treatment, such as surgery,
radiation, or chemotherapy, will be recommended.
Risks
A cone biopsy is a surgical treatment with some
risks.
- A few women may have serious bleeding that requires further
treatment.
- Narrowing of the cervix (cervical stenosis) that causes
infertility may occur (rare).
- Inability of the cervix to stay
closed during pregnancy (incompetent cervix) may occur. Women who have had a
cone biopsy may have an increased risk of miscarriage or preterm
delivery.
What To Think About
Cone biopsy (conization) can be
done using a carbon dioxide laser or loop electrosurgical excision procedure
(LEEP). One possible disadvantage of these methods is that the abnormal tissue
at the margin with the normal tissue can be changed by the heat from the laser
beam or the wire loop. This may make the laboratory study of the biopsied
tissue more difficult.
The healing and scarring process after a cone biopsy
may make it hard to identify abnormal tissue in the future.
Complete the surgery information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery.
Credits
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical ReviewerSarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical ReviewerKevin C. Kiley, MD - Obstetrics and Gynecology